Do you think things in the United States are generally going in the right direction or the wrong direction? How satisfied are you with the way democracy is working in the United States? Are you very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, not too satisfied, or not at all satisfied? These days, do you feel [rotate] [1] optimistic [or] [2] pessimistic that Americans of different political views can still come together and work out their differences?

What is your opinion with regard to race relations in the United States today? Would you say things are [rotate 1 and 2] [1] better , [2] worse , or about the same than they were a year ago? When it comes to racial discrimination, which do you think is the bigger problem for the country today—[rotate] [1] People seeing racial discrimination where it really does NOT exist [or] [2] People NOT seeing racial discrimination where it really DOES exist?

Next, Next, would you consider yourself to be politically: [read list, rotate order top to bottom]. Generally speaking, how much interest would you say you have in politics—a great deal, a fair amount, only a little, or none? Mark Baldassare is president and CEO of the Public Policy Institute of California, where he holds the Arjay and Frances Fearing Miller Chair in Public Policy. He is a leading expert on public opinion and survey methodology, and has directed the PPIC Statewide Survey since He is an authority on elections, voter behavior, and political and fiscal reform, and the author of ten books and numerous publications.

Before joining PPIC, he was a professor of urban and regional planning in the School of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine, where he held the Johnson Chair in Civic Governance. He has conducted surveys for the Los Angeles Times , the San Francisco Chronicle , and the California Business Roundtable. He holds a PhD in sociology from the University of California, Berkeley. Dean Bonner is associate survey director and research fellow at PPIC, where he coauthors the PPIC Statewide Survey—a large-scale public opinion project designed to develop an in-depth profile of the social, economic, and political attitudes at work in California elections and policymaking.

He has expertise in public opinion and survey research, political attitudes and participation, and voting behavior. Before joining PPIC, he taught political science at Tulane University and was a research associate at the University of New Orleans Survey Research Center. He holds a PhD and MA in political science from the University of New Orleans.

Rachel Lawler is a survey analyst at the Public Policy Institute of California, where she works with the statewide survey team. In that role, she led and contributed to a variety of quantitative and qualitative studies for both government and corporate clients.

She holds an MA in American politics and foreign policy from the University College Dublin and a BA in political science from Chapman University. Deja Thomas is a survey analyst at the Public Policy Institute of California, where she works with the statewide survey team.

Prior to joining PPIC, she was a research assistant with the social and demographic trends team at the Pew Research Center. In that role, she contributed to a variety of national quantitative and qualitative survey studies. She holds a BA in psychology from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. This survey was supported with funding from the Arjay and Frances F. Ruben Barrales Senior Vice President, External Relations Wells Fargo. Mollyann Brodie Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Henry J.

Kaiser Family Foundation. Bruce E. Cain Director Bill Lane Center for the American West Stanford University. Jon Cohen Chief Research Officer and Senior Vice President, Strategic Partnerships and Business Development Momentive-AI. Joshua J. Dyck Co-Director Center for Public Opinion University of Massachusetts, Lowell.

Lisa García Bedolla Vice Provost for Graduate Studies and Dean of the Graduate Division University of California, Berkeley. Russell Hancock President and CEO Joint Venture Silicon Valley. Sherry Bebitch Jeffe Professor Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California.

Carol S. Larson President Emeritus The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Lisa Pitney Vice President of Government Relations The Walt Disney Company.

Robert K. Ross, MD President and CEO The California Endowment. Most Reverend Jaime Soto Bishop of Sacramento Roman Catholic Diocese of Sacramento.

Helen Iris Torres CEO Hispanas Organized for Political Equality. David C. Wilson, PhD Dean and Professor Richard and Rhoda Goldman School of Public Policy University of California, Berkeley. Chet Hewitt, Chair President and CEO Sierra Health Foundation. Mark Baldassare President and CEO Public Policy Institute of California. Ophelia Basgal Affiliate Terner Center for Housing Innovation University of California, Berkeley.

Louise Henry Bryson Chair Emerita, Board of Trustees J. Paul Getty Trust. Sandra Celedon President and CEO Fresno Building Healthy Communities. Marisa Chun Judge, Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco. Steven A. Leon E. Panetta Chairman The Panetta Institute for Public Policy.

Cassandra Walker Pye President Lucas Public Affairs. Gaddi H. Vasquez Retired Senior Vice President, Government Affairs Edison International Southern California Edison. The Public Policy Institute of California is dedicated to informing and improving public policy in California through independent, objective, nonpartisan research.

PPIC is a public charity. It does not take or support positions on any ballot measures or on any local, state, or federal legislation, nor does it endorse, support, or oppose any political parties or candidates for public office.

Short sections of text, not to exceed three paragraphs, may be quoted without written permission provided that full attribution is given to the source. Research publications reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of our funders or of the staff, officers, advisory councils, or board of directors of the Public Policy Institute of California.

This website uses cookies to analyze site traffic and to allow users to complete forms on the site. PPIC does not share, trade, sell, or otherwise disclose personal information. PPIC Water Policy Center. PPIC Statewide Survey. PPIC Higher Education Center. People Our Team Board of Directors Statewide Leadership Council Adjunct Fellows.

Support Ways to Give Our Contributors. Table of Contents Key Findings Overall Mood Gubernatorial Election State Propositions 26, 27, and 30 Congressional Elections Democracy and the Political Divide Approval Ratings Regional Map Methodology Questions and Responses Authors and Acknowledgments PPIC Statewide Advisory Committee PPIC Board of Directors Copyright.

Key Findings Overall Mood Gubernatorial Election State Propositions 26, 27, and 30 Congressional Elections Democracy and the Political Divide Approval Ratings Regional Map Methodology Questions and Responses Authors and Acknowledgments PPIC Statewide Advisory Committee PPIC Board of Directors Copyright. Key Findings California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. These are among the key findings of a statewide survey on state and national issues conducted from October 14 to 23 by the Public Policy Institute of California: Many Californians have negative perceptions of their personal finances and the US economy.

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opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab. fromisoformat can now be used to parse most ISO formats barring only those that support fractional hours and minutes. Contributed by Paul Ganssle in gh Renamed EnumMeta to EnumType EnumMeta kept as an alias. Added StrEnum , with members that can be used as and must be strings.

Changed IntEnum , IntFlag and StrEnum to now inherit from ReprEnum , so their str output now matches format both str AnIntEnum. ONE and format AnIntEnum. ONE return '1' , whereas before str AnIntEnum. ONE returned 'AnIntEnum. Changed Enum.

format and f-string s of enums with mixed-in types e. This matches the existing behavior of enum. MEMBER' for an enum AnEnum str, Enum instead of just 'MEMBER'. Added a new boundary class parameter to Flag enums and the FlagBoundary enum with its options, to control how to handle out-of-range flag values. Added the verify enum decorator and the EnumCheck enum with its options, to check enum classes against several specific constraints. Added the property decorator, which works like property except for enums.

Use this instead of types. For example, 're. ASCII' for the ASCII member of re. RegexFlag rather than 'RegexFlag. ONE, AFlag. Changed Flag to only consider primary values power of two canonical while composite values 3 , 6 , 10 , etc. are considered aliases; inverted flags are coerced to their positive equivalent. Support PEP -style initialization of Fraction from string.

Contributed by Sergey B Kirpichev in bpo SupportsInt check passes. Contributed by Mark Dickinson in bpo singledispatch now supports types. UnionType and typing. Union as annotations to the dispatch argument. Contributed by Yurii Karabas in bpo blake2b and hashlib. Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo The hashlib module prefers optimized SHA3 and SHAKE implementations from OpenSSL.

The change affects only installations without OpenSSL support. Add hashlib. Contributed by Christian Heimes in gh Apply syntax highlighting to. pyi files. Contributed by Alex Waygood and Terry Jan Reedy in bpo Include prompts when saving Shell with inputs and outputs.

Contributed by Terry Jan Reedy in gh Contributed by Weipeng Hong in bpo Add ismethodwrapper for checking if the type of an object is a MethodWrapperType. Contributed by Hakan Çelik in bpo Change the frame-related functions in the inspect module to return new FrameInfo and Traceback class instances backwards compatible with the previous named tuple -like interfaces that includes the extended PEP position information end line number, column and end column.

The affected functions are:. getinnerframes ,. Contributed by Pablo Galindo in gh Add locale. getencoding to get the current locale encoding.

It is similar to locale. getpreferredencoding False but ignores the Python UTF-8 Mode. Added getLevelNamesMapping to return a mapping from logging level names e. Contributed by Andrei Kulakovin in gh Added a createSocket method to SysLogHandler , to match SocketHandler. It is called automatically during handler initialization and when emitting an event, if there is no active socket. Contributed by Kirill Pinchuk in gh Add math. exp2 : return 2 raised to the power of x.

Contributed by Gideon Mitchell in bpo cbrt : return the cube root of x. Contributed by Ajith Ramachandran in bpo The behaviour of two math.

pow corner cases was changed, for consistency with the IEEE specification. The operations math. pow 0. inf and math. pow inf now return inf.

Previously they raised ValueError. The math. nan value is now always available. Contributed by Victor Stinner in bpo A new function operator. call has been added, such that operator. Contributed by Antony Lee in bpo On Windows, os. urandom now uses BCryptGenRandom , instead of CryptGenRandom which is deprecated. Contributed by Dong-hee Na in bpo glob and rglob return only directories if pattern ends with a pathname components separator: sep or altsep. Contributed by Eisuke Kawasima in bpo and bpo Atomic grouping?

Contributed by Jeffrey C. Jacobs and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo Add CAN Socket support for NetBSD. Contributed by Thomas Klausner in bpo Contributed by Erlend E. Aasland in bpo Collation names with invalid characters now raise UnicodeEncodeError instead of sqlite3.

Contributed by Aviv Palivoda, Daniel Shahaf, and Erlend E. Aasland in bpo and bpo Add setlimit and getlimit to sqlite3. Connection for setting and getting SQLite limits by connection basis. sqlite3 now sets sqlite3. threadsafety based on the default threading mode the underlying SQLite library has been compiled with. sqlite3 C callbacks now use unraisable exceptions if callback tracebacks are enabled.

Users can now register an unraisable hook handler to improve their debug experience. Fetch across rollback no longer raises InterfaceError. Instead we leave it to the SQLite library to handle these cases. Add serialize and deserialize to sqlite3. Connection for serializing and deserializing databases. Connection for creating aggregate window functions. Add blobopen to sqlite3. Contributed by Aviv Palivoda and Erlend E.

Template , which respectively return all valid placeholders, and whether any invalid placeholders are present. Contributed by Ben Kehoe in gh Add sys. exception which returns the active exception instance equivalent to sys. Add the sys. This is useful for downstream distributors who modify sysconfig. Third party code that creates new virtual environments should use the new venv installation scheme to determine the paths, as does venv. Contributed by Miro Hrončok in bpo SpooledTemporaryFile objects now fully implement the methods of io.

BufferedIOBase or io. TextIOBase depending on file mode. This lets them work correctly with APIs that expect file-like objects, such as compression modules. Contributed by Carey Metcalfe in gh acquire method now uses the monotonic clock time.

On Unix, time. Contributed by Benjamin Szőke and Victor Stinner in bpo On Windows 8. sleep now uses a waitable timer based on high-resolution timers which has a resolution of nanoseconds 10 -7 seconds.

Previously, it had a resolution of 1 millisecond 10 -3 seconds. Contributed by Benjamin Szőke, Dong-hee Na, Eryk Sun and Victor Stinner in bpo and bpo Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh Add traceback. Contributed by Ammar Askar in bpo print , which prints the formatted TracebackException instance to a file.

For major changes, see New Features Related to Type Hints. Add typing. At runtime, it raises an AssertionError. This is useful for asking a type checker what type it has inferred for a given expression. At runtime it prints the type of the received value. This is useful for asking a type checker to confirm that the type it has inferred for a given expression matches the given type.

At runtime it simply returns the received value. TypedDict types can now be generic. Contributed by Samodya Abeysiriwardane in gh NamedTuple types can now be generic. Allow subclassing of typing. This is useful for avoiding type checker errors related to highly dynamic class, such as mocks. Contributed by Shantanu Jain in gh The typing. Contributed by Adrian Garcia Badarasco in gh The representation of empty tuple types Tuple[ ] is simplified.

This affects introspection, e. Loosen runtime requirements for type annotations by removing the callable check in the private typing.

Contributed by Gregory Beauregard in gh Contributed by Niklas Rosenstein in gh Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in gh It also now correctly marks classmethods as not to be type checked.

The Unicode database has been updated to version Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in bpo Added methods enterContext and enterClassContext of class TestCase , method enterAsyncContext of class IsolatedAsyncioTestCase and function unittest.

When new Python virtual environments are created, the venv sysconfig installation scheme is used to determine the paths inside the environment. When Python runs in a virtual environment, the same installation scheme is the default. That means that downstream distributors can change the default sysconfig install scheme without changing behavior of virtual environments. Third party code that also creates new virtual environments should do the same.

simplefilter , providing a more concise way to locally ignore warnings or convert them to errors. Contributed by Zac Hatfield-Dodds in bpo Contributed by Stephen J. Turnbull and Serhiy Storchaka in bpo Added ZipFile. mkdir for creating new directories inside ZIP archives.

Contributed by Sam Ezeh in gh Added stem , suffix and suffixes to zipfile. Contributed by Miguel Brito in gh This section covers specific optimizations independent of the Faster CPython project, which is covered in its own section. Contributed by Gregory P. Smith and Tim Peters in gh Contributed by Stefan Behnel in gh Resizing lists is streamlined for the common case, speeding up list. For example, sys. getsizeof dict.

Using asyncio. Contributed by msoxzw in gh The statistics functions mean , variance and stdev now consume iterators in one pass rather than converting them to a list first. This is twice as fast and can save substantial memory.

Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in gh normalize now normalizes pure-ASCII strings in constant time. CPython 3.

This project focuses on two major areas in Python: faster startup and faster runtime. Other optimizations not under this project are listed in Optimizations. In Python 3. This means that their code objects and bytecode are statically allocated by the interpreter. This reduces the steps in module execution process to this:.

This has a big impact for short-running programs using Python. Python frames are created whenever Python calls a Python function. This frame holds execution information. The following are new frame optimizations:. Streamlined the internal frame struct to contain only essential information.

Frames previously held extra debugging and memory management information. Old-style frame objects are now created only when requested by debuggers or by Python introspection functions such as sys.

For most user code, no frame objects are created at all. As a result, nearly all Python functions calls have sped up significantly. Contributed by Mark Shannon in bpo This avoids calling the C interpreting function altogether.

Most Python function calls now consume no C stack space. This speeds up most of such calls. In simple recursive functions like fibonacci or factorial, a 1. This also means recursive functions can recurse significantly deeper if the user increases the recursion limit. Contributed by Pablo Galindo and Mark Shannon in bpo PEP is one of the key parts of the faster CPython project.

The general idea is that while Python is a dynamic language, most code has regions where objects and types rarely change. This concept is known as type stability.

At runtime, Python will try to look for common patterns and type stability in the executing code. Python will then replace the current operation with a more specialized one.

Please check back soon for future events, and sign up to receive invitations to our events and briefings. December 1, Speaker Series on California's Future — Virtual Event. November 30, Virtual Event. November 18, Annual Water Conference — In-Person and Online. We believe in the power of good information to build a brighter future for California. Help support our mission. Mark Baldassare , Dean Bonner , Rachel Lawler , and Deja Thomas.

Supported with funding from the Arjay and Frances F. Miller Foundation and the James Irvine Foundation. California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. Amid rising prices and economic uncertainty—as well as deep partisan divisions over social and political issues—Californians are processing a great deal of information to help them choose state constitutional officers and state legislators and to make policy decisions about state propositions.

The midterm election also features a closely divided Congress, with the likelihood that a few races in California may determine which party controls the US House. These are among the key findings of a statewide survey on state and national issues conducted from October 14 to 23 by the Public Policy Institute of California:. Today, there is a wide partisan divide: seven in ten Democrats are optimistic about the direction of the state, while 91 percent of Republicans and 59 percent of independents are pessimistic.

Californians are much more pessimistic about the direction of the country than they are about the direction of the state. Majorities across all demographic groups and partisan groups, as well as across regions, are pessimistic about the direction of the United States. A wide partisan divide exists: most Democrats and independents say their financial situation is about the same as a year ago, while solid majorities of Republicans say they are worse off.

Regionally, about half in the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles say they are about the same, while half in the Central Valley say they are worse off; residents elsewhere are divided between being worse off and the same. The shares saying they are worse off decline as educational attainment increases. Strong majorities across partisan groups feel negatively, but Republicans and independents are much more likely than Democrats to say the economy is in poor shape. Today, majorities across partisan, demographic, and regional groups say they are following news about the gubernatorial election either very or fairly closely.

In the upcoming November 8 election, there will be seven state propositions for voters. Due to time constraints, our survey only asked about three ballot measures: Propositions 26, 27, and For each, we read the proposition number, ballot, and ballot label.

Two of the state ballot measures were also included in the September survey Propositions 27 and 30 , while Proposition 26 was not. This measure would allow in-person sports betting at racetracks and tribal casinos, requiring that racetracks and casinos offering sports betting make certain payments to the state to support state regulatory costs.

It also allows roulette and dice games at tribal casinos and adds a new way to enforce certain state gambling laws. Fewer than half of likely voters say the outcome of each of these state propositions is very important to them. Today, 21 percent of likely voters say the outcome of Prop 26 is very important, 31 percent say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important, and 42 percent say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important. Today, when it comes to the importance of the outcome of Prop 26, one in four or fewer across partisan groups say it is very important to them.

About one in three across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important to them. Fewer than half across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important to them. When asked how they would vote if the election for the US House of Representatives were held today, 56 percent of likely voters say they would vote for or lean toward the Democratic candidate, while 39 percent would vote for or lean toward the Republican candidate.

Democratic candidates are preferred by a point margin in Democratic-held districts, while Republican candidates are preferred by a point margin in Republican-held districts. Abortion is another prominent issue in this election. When asked about the importance of abortion rights, 61 percent of likely voters say the issue is very important in determining their vote for Congress and another 20 percent say it is somewhat important; just 17 percent say it is not too or not at all important.

With the controlling party in Congress hanging in the balance, 51 percent of likely voters say they are extremely or very enthusiastic about voting for Congress this year; another 29 percent are somewhat enthusiastic while 19 percent are either not too or not at all enthusiastic. Today, Democrats and Republicans have about equal levels of enthusiasm, while independents are much less likely to be extremely or very enthusiastic. As Californians prepare to vote in the upcoming midterm election, fewer than half of adults and likely voters are satisfied with the way democracy is working in the United States—and few are very satisfied.

Satisfaction was higher in our February survey when 53 percent of adults and 48 percent of likely voters were satisfied with democracy in America. Today, half of Democrats and about four in ten independents are satisfied, compared to about one in five Republicans.

Notably, four in ten Republicans are not at all satisfied. In addition to the lack of satisfaction with the way democracy is working, Californians are divided about whether Americans of different political positions can still come together and work out their differences. Forty-nine percent are optimistic, while 46 percent are pessimistic. Today, in a rare moment of bipartisan agreement, about four in ten Democrats, Republicans, and independents are optimistic that Americans of different political views will be able to come together.

Notably, in , half or more across parties, regions, and demographic groups were optimistic. Today, about eight in ten Democrats—compared to about half of independents and about one in ten Republicans—approve of Governor Newsom. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve of how Governor Newsom is handling his job. Approval of Congress among adults has been below 40 percent for all of after seeing a brief run above 40 percent for all of Democrats are far more likely than Republicans to approve of Congress.

Fewer than half across regions and demographic groups approve of Congress. Approval in March was at 44 percent for adults and 39 percent for likely voters. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve among women, younger adults, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos.

Views are similar across education and income groups, with just fewer than half approving. Approval in March was at 41 percent for adults and 36 percent for likely voters. Across regions, approval reaches a majority only in the San Francisco Bay Area. Across demographic groups, approval reaches a majority only among African Americans. This map highlights the five geographic regions for which we present results; these regions account for approximately 90 percent of the state population.

Residents of other geographic areas in gray are included in the results reported for all adults, registered voters, and likely voters, but sample sizes for these less-populous areas are not large enough to report separately. The PPIC Statewide Survey is directed by Mark Baldassare, president and CEO and survey director at the Public Policy Institute of California. Coauthors of this report include survey analyst Deja Thomas, who was the project manager for this survey; associate survey director and research fellow Dean Bonner; and survey analyst Rachel Lawler.

The Californians and Their Government survey is supported with funding from the Arjay and Frances F. Findings in this report are based on a survey of 1, California adult residents, including 1, interviewed on cell phones and interviewed on landline telephones. The sample included respondents reached by calling back respondents who had previously completed an interview in PPIC Statewide Surveys in the last six months. Interviews took an average of 19 minutes to complete.

Interviewing took place on weekend days and weekday nights from October 14—23, Cell phone interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of cell phone numbers. Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of cell phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California. All cell phone numbers with California area codes were eligible for selection. After a cell phone user was reached, the interviewer verified that this person was age 18 or older, a resident of California, and in a safe place to continue the survey e.

Cell phone respondents were offered a small reimbursement to help defray the cost of the call. Cell phone interviews were conducted with adults who have cell phone service only and with those who have both cell phone and landline service in the household. Landline interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of telephone numbers that ensured that both listed and unlisted numbers were called.

Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of landline phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California. All landline telephone exchanges in California were eligible for selection.

For both cell phones and landlines, telephone numbers were called as many as eight times. When no contact with an individual was made, calls to a number were limited to six. Also, to increase our ability to interview Asian American adults, we made up to three additional calls to phone numbers estimated by Survey Sampling International as likely to be associated with Asian American individuals.

Accent on Languages, Inc. The survey sample was closely comparable to the ACS figures. To estimate landline and cell phone service in California, Abt Associates used state-level estimates released by the National Center for Health Statistics—which used data from the National Health Interview Survey NHIS and the ACS. The estimates for California were then compared against landline and cell phone service reported in this survey. We also used voter registration data from the California Secretary of State to compare the party registration of registered voters in our sample to party registration statewide.

The sampling error, taking design effects from weighting into consideration, is ±3. This means that 95 times out of , the results will be within 3. The sampling error for unweighted subgroups is larger: for the 1, registered voters, the sampling error is ±4.

For the sampling errors of additional subgroups, please see the table at the end of this section. Sampling error is only one type of error to which surveys are subject. Results may also be affected by factors such as question wording, question order, and survey timing. We present results for five geographic regions, accounting for approximately 90 percent of the state population.

Residents of other geographic areas are included in the results reported for all adults, registered voters, and likely voters, but sample sizes for these less-populous areas are not large enough to report separately.

We also present results for congressional districts currently held by Democrats or Republicans, based on residential zip code and party of the local US House member.

We compare the opinions of those who report they are registered Democrats, registered Republicans, and no party preference or decline-to-state or independent voters; the results for those who say they are registered to vote in other parties are not large enough for separate analysis.

We also analyze the responses of likely voters—so designated per their responses to survey questions about voter registration, previous election participation, intentions to vote this year, attention to election news, and current interest in politics. The percentages presented in the report tables and in the questionnaire may not add to due to rounding. Additional details about our methodology can be found at www.

pdf and are available upon request through surveys ppic. October 14—23, 1, California adult residents; 1, California likely voters English, Spanish.

Margin of error ±3.

Across regions, approval reaches a majority only in the San Francisco Bay Area. File Separator. format and f-string s of enums with mixed-in types e. Data model ¶ 3. Main article: IP fragmentation. PEP written by Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan and Graham Bleaney.

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